EclectEcon

Economics and the mid-life crisis have much in common: Both dwell on foregone opportunities

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Richard Posner deserves the next Nobel Prize in Economics
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Normative vs. Positive Economics
I have rarely come across such a good example as this one.
  • From Greg Mankiw:
    When designing a tax system and evaluating tax proposals, policy analysts have at least four goals in mind:

    1. Efficiency: The tax system should distort incentives as little as possible (and, in the case of externalities and Pigovian taxes, correct incentives when necessary).
    2. Intergenerational equity: The tax system should raise enough revenue so current generations do not unduly burden future generations.
    3. Egalitarianism: The tax system should try to achieve a more equal distribution of after-tax incomes.
    4. Stabilization: The tax system should help maintain the economy at full employment.
  • And in contrast from Gabriel Mihalache,
    Let me offer a different picture.

    When designing a tax system and evaluating tax proposals, policy analysts have at least four goals in mind:

    * Reelection of the incumbent party.
    * Nondecreasing interest groups’ income.
    * Having the burden fall on the least (politically) organized group possible.
    * Bullying the central bank into monetarizing the debt.

    Harsh, I know, but don’t come to me complaining when you’ll get European-style G shares of Y. (60%+) You have been warned.
It is left as an exercise to the reader to determine which is normative and which is positive (I know: there's a chance they're both positive, but I don't believe it.)
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Tom Hanna (mail) (www):
And both lists seem a little off. Taxation is a necessary evil for financing government. Neither of them mentions paying the bills. As for Mankiw, egalitarianism necessarily conflicts with efficiency. I have yet to see anyone persuasively argue that centrally planned Pigouvian taxes will be anymore efficient, fair or effective than any other form of central planning. Does it really matter whether the commissar calls it "bourgeois" or "externality" when he doesn't like something? Does it really matter if he bans it or merely taxes it excessively? The net result looks the same to me.
2.4.2008 4:09pm
Taggert Brooks (mail) (www):
tsk. tsk. They are both normative. Unless of course egalitarianism is an objective idea. I'm pretty sure Ayn Rand wouldn't list that as a positive goal of a tax system.
2.11.2008 11:10pm
EclectEcon (mail) (www):
I think you're mistaken, Taggert. Gabriel is describing how people behave and what their goals ARE (versus should be); he is making an assertion about a potentially testable hypothesis. That is what we mean by a positive statement.

Greg, on the other hand, is setting out his views on how people (economists) should behave -- and that is normative.
2.12.2008 10:11am

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